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Essay on The Role of Local Governments in the Global Economy

NOYO OSAGHAE 1/30/2012 I HAVE NEITHER GIVEN NOR RECEIVED, NOR HAVE I TOLERATED OTHERS’ OF UNAUTHORIZED AID THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN A GLOBALIZED ECONOMY Recent developments in the global economy would seem to suggest that it is in the interest of states to be integrated into the global economy, although it is also obvious that most would like to do so in the most beneficial and equitable ways. The increase in the number of states seeking membership in the World Trade Organization is perhaps evidence enough that states, whether developed or underdeveloped, democratic or non-democratic, want to play a role in the World Liberal Order. The circumstances under which states are influenced to be integrated into the global economy†¦show more content†¦According to her â€Å"While globalization gives rise to global cooperation, global local tensions surface as localities adapt to economic, technological and societal changes brought about by this process†. The method of adaption stated, is through the process of â€Å"Glocalization† which she defines as â€Å"a merging of global opportunities and local interests, aim ing to create a more socio-economically balanced world, which calls for the accommodation of global perspectives to local conditions, as well as for a more pronounced role of local actors addressing global challenges†. She further explains the function of Glocalization as â€Å"making cities key players in decentralized foreign policy, diplomacy, trade and inter-city projects forwarding social and economic development. This activity happens through the creation of coalitions where local governments serve as a balancing force to international private and public sector organizations in the framework of joint projects†. This viewpoint emphasizes the importance of the reform of globalization to be spearheaded by local leaders as they are more sensitive to social and cultural needs and closer in proximity to citizens than their national counterparts. The author analyzes these local responsesShow MoreRelatedLocal Economic Development For The City Of Johannesburg South Africa1428 Words   |  6 Pagesrecommendations for the local economic development for the city of Johannesburg South Africa. These recommendations are put forward to identify local strategies and actions that may be used to assist with the retention of workers within the South African economy, grow the work force and maximize opportunities for economic growth. . Local economic development involves identifying and utilizing local resources in creating opportunities for economic growth and employment. 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Types And Causes Of Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(70) " Although in broad usage, ammonium hydroxide is both acerb and risky\." Pollution is the beginning of a waste into the ambiance doing it impossible to do life on Earth possible to prolong. Pollution is the debut of a contamination into the environment. It is created largely by human actions, but can besides be a consequence of natural catastrophes. We will write a custom essay sample on Types And Causes Of Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pollution has a damaging consequence on any living being in an environment, doing it virtually impossible to prolong life. Pollution harms the Earth ‘s environment and its people in many ways. Presence of affair ( gas, liquid, solid ) or energy ( heat, noise, radiation ) whose nature, location, or measure straight or indirectly alters features or procedures of any portion of the environment, and causes ( or has the possible to do ) harm to the status, wellness, safety, or public assistance of animate beings, worlds, workss, or belongings. The debut of contaminations into a natural environment that causes instability, upset, injury or uncomfortableness to theA ecosystem i.e. Physical systems or populating organisms.A Pollution can take the signifier ofA chemical substancesA orA energy, such as noise, heat, or visible radiation. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or of course happening ; when of course happening, they are considered contaminations when they exceed natural degrees. Pollution is frequently classed asA point sourceA orA nonpoint beginning pollution. There are two types of the cause of pollution, natural and man-made. Natural pollution occurs of course and wo n’t do inordinate injury to our lives due to its regeneration ability. While the semisynthetic pollution is caused by human activities, and hard to acquire rid of. The anchors of semisynthetic pollution are human population and engineering. Naturally human needs contact to the environment, we get resour ces from nature. This is for the interest of life. By the addition of human population, the contact is acquiring more intensive, because demands are increasing. And by the findings and development of new engineerings, human can use them to acquire the resources. And it ‘s common that new engineerings would convey their several side effects besides their advantages. TYPES OF POLLUTION AIR POLLUTION WATER POLLUTION NOISE POLLUTION LIGHT POLLUTION LAND POLLUTION MARINE POLLUTION THERMAL POLLUTION SHIP POLLUTION RADIATION POLLUTION AIR POLLUTION Air pollution is the accretion of risky substances into the ambiance that danger human life and other life affair. Air pollutionA is the debut ofA chemicals, A particulate affair, orA biological materialsA that cause injury or uncomfortableness to worlds or other life beings, or amendss theA natural environmentA into theA atmosphere. The ambiance is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is indispensable to back up life on planetA Earth.A StratosphericA ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a menace to human wellness every bit good as to the Earth’sA ecosystems. Air is the ocean we breathe. Air supplies us with O which is indispensable for our organic structures to populate. Air is 99.9 % N, O, H2O vapour and inert gases. Human activities can let go of substances into the air, some of which can do jobs for worlds, workss, and animals.There are several chief types of pollution and well-known effects of pollution which are normally discussed. These include smog, acerb rain, the nursery consequence, and â€Å" holes † in the ozone bed. Each of these jobs has serious deductions for our wellness and wellbeing every bit good as for the whole environment. This type of pollution is sometimes referred to as â€Å" black C † pollution. The fumes from firing fuels in ca rs, places, and industries is a major beginning of pollution in the air. Some governments believe that even the combustion of wood and wood coal in hearths and barbecues can let go of important quanitites of carbon black into the air. Another type of pollution is the release of noxious gases, such as S dioxide, C monoxide, N oxides, and chemical bluess. These can take portion in farther chemical reactions once they are in the ambiance, organizing smog and acerb rain. Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include: Sulfur oxidesA ( SOx ) – Sulfur dioxide is a chemical compound with the expression SO2. SO2A is produced by vents and in assorted industrial procedures. Since coal and crude oil frequently contain sulfur compounds, their burning generates sulfur dioxide. Nitrogen oxidesA ( NOx ) – Nitrogen dioxideA are emitted from high temperature burning. Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the expression NO2. It is one of the several N oxides. This red-brown toxic gas has a characteristic crisp, seize with teething olfactory property. NO2A is one of the most outstanding air pollutants. Carbon monoxideA – It is a colourless, odourless, non-irritating but really toxicant gas. It is a merchandise by uncomplete burning of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular fumes is a major beginning of C monoxide. Carbon dioxideA ( CO2 ) – It is aA nursery gas which isA emitted from burning but is besides a gas critical toA life beings. It is a natural gas in the ambiance. Volatile organic compoundsA – VOCs are an of import outdoor air pollutant. In this field they are frequently divided into the separate classs of methane ( CH4 ) and non-methane ( NMVOCs ) . Methane is an highly efficient nursery gas which contributes to heighten planetary heating. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are besides important nursery gases via their function in making ozone and in protracting the life of methane in the ambiance, although the consequence varies depending on local air quality. ToxicA metals- such asA lead, A cadmiumA andA Cu. ChlorofluorocarbonsA ( CFCs ) – It is harmful to theA ozone layerA emitted from merchandises presently banned from usage. AmmoniaA ( NH3 ) -Ammonia is emitted from agricultural procedures. Ammonia is a compound with the expression NH3. It is usually encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent olfactory property. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritionary demands of tellurian beings by functioning as a precursor to groceries and fertilisers. Ammonia, either straight or indirectly, is besides a edifice block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals. Although in broad usage, ammonium hydroxide is both acerb and risky. You read "Types And Causes Of Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" OdorsA – such as from refuse, sewerage, and industrial procedures Radioactive pollutantsA which are produced byA atomic detonations, warA explosives, and natural procedures such as theA radioactive decayA ofA Rn. Secondary pollutants include: Smog is a sort of air pollution ; the word â€Å" smog † is a blend of fume and fog. Authoritative smog consequences from big sums of coal combustion in an country caused by a mixture of fume and S dioxide. Modern smog does non normally come from coal but from vehicular and industrial emanations that are acted on in the ambiance by sunshine to organize secondary pollutants that besides combine with the primary emanations to organize photochemical smog. Photochemical and chemical reactions affecting it drive many of the chemical processes that occur in the ambiance by twenty-four hours and by dark. At abnormally high concentrations brought approximately by human activities ( mostly the burning of fossil fuel ) , it is a pollutant, and a component of smog. Peroxyacetyl nitrateA ( PAN ) – likewise formed from NOxA and VOCs. Minor air pollutants include: A big figure of minorA risky air pollutants. Some of these are regulated in USA under theA Clean Air ActA and in Europe under the Air Framework Directive. A assortment ofA relentless organic pollutants, which can attach to particulate affair. Persistent organic pollutants ( POPs ) are organic compounds that are immune to environmental debasement through chemical, biological, and photolytic procedures. Because of this, they have been observed to prevail in the environment, to be capable of long-range conveyance, bioaccumulate in human and carnal tissue, biomagnify in nutrient ironss, and to hold possible important impacts on human wellness and the environment. Beginnings OF AIR POLLUTION Anthropogenetic sourcesA ( human activity ) largely related to firing different sorts ofA fuel â€Å" Stationary Beginnings † include fume tonss ofA power workss, fabricating installations ( mills ) and waste incinerators, every bit good as furnaces and other types of fuel-burning warming devices â€Å" Mobile Beginnings † includeA motor vehicles, Marine vass, aircraft and the consequence of sound etc. Exhausts fromA pigment, A hair spray, A varnish, A aerosol spraysA and other dissolvers Waste deposition inA landfills, which generateA methane. Methane is non toxic ; nevertheless, it is extremely flammable and may organize explosive mixtures with air. Methane is besides an asphyxiant and may displace O in an enclosed infinite. Asphyxia or asphyxiation may ensue if the O concentration is reduced to below 19.5 % by supplanting. Military, such asA atomic arms, A toxic gases, A source warfareA andA rocketry Natural beginnings DustA from natural beginnings, normally big countries of land with small or no flora. Methane, A emittedA by theA digestionA of nutrient byA animate beings, for exampleA cowss. RadonA gas from radioactive decay within the Earth ‘s crust. Radon is a colorless, odorless, of course happening, radioactive baronial gas that is formed from the decay of Ra. It is considered to be a wellness jeopardy. Radon gas from natural beginnings can roll up in edifices, particularly in confined countries such as the cellar and it is the 2nd most frequent cause of lung malignant neoplastic disease, after coffin nail smoke. SmokeA andA C monoxideA fromA wildfires. VolcanicA activity, which produceA S, A Cl, and ashA particulates. HOW TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION The undermentioned points are normally used as pollution control devices by industry or transit devices. They can either destroyA contaminantsA or take them from an exhaust watercourse before it is emitted into the ambiance. Particulate control Mechanical aggregators Electrostatic precipitators A An electrostatic precipitator ( ESP ) , or electrostatic air cleansing agent is a particulate aggregation device that removes atoms from a fluxing gas ( such as air ) utilizing the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are extremely efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gases through the device, and can easy take all right particulate affair such as dust and fume from the air watercourse. Baghouses These areA designed to manage heavy dust tonss, a dust aggregator consists of a blower, dust filter, a filter-cleaning system, and a dust receptacle or dust remotion system Particulate scrubbers Wet scrubber is a signifier of pollution control engineering. The term describes a assortment of devices that use pollutants from a furnace fluke gas or from other gas watercourses. In a wet scrubber, the contaminated gas watercourse is brought into contact with the scouring liquid, by spraying it with theliquid, by coercing it through a pool of liquid, or by some other contact method, so as to take the pollutants. Scrubbers Baffle spray scrubber Cyclonic spray scrubber Mechanically assisted scrubber Spray tower Wet scrubber NOx control Low NOx burners Selective catalytic reductionA Selective non-catalytic decrease NOx scrubbers Catalytic convertor Acid Gas/SOHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide † 2A control Wet scrubbers Dry scrubbers Do n’t smoke Keep your auto care up-to-date Do n’t purchase merchandises that come inA aerosolA spray tins Avoid utilizing lighter fluid when barbecuing outside When you drive accelerate easy and utilize sail control Always replace your auto ‘s air filter Use a push or electric lawnmower instead than a gas-powered 1 Do n’t utilize rough chemical cleaners that can breathe exhausts Inspect your gas contraptions and warmers on a regular basis Facts about Air Pollution About 232 million different types of vehicles are driven by U.S. citizens every twenty-four hours, adding nursery gases into the air. U.S. vehicle emanations contribute 45 % to planetary heating The mean grownup consumes 3,000 gallons of contaminated air every twenty-four hours Vehicle fumes contributes to 60 % of C monoxide emanations in the U.S. and up to 95 % in big metropoliss Every twelvemonth 335,000 Americans dice of lung malignant neoplastic disease, which is a direct consequence of air pollution Beginnings OF AIR POLLUTION Some of the chief subscribers to H2O pollution are: Factories Refineries Waste intervention installations Mining Pesticides, weedkillers and fertilisers Human sewerage Oil spills Failing infected systems Soap from rinsing your auto Oil and antifreeze leaking from autos Family chemicals Animal waste WATER POLLUTION Water pollution is the debut ofA chemical, biological and physical affair into big organic structures of H2O that degrade the quality of life that lives in it and consumes it. Oil spills, family chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers are the major beginnings of H2O pollution. The best manner to forestall H2O pollution is to non throw rubbish and other harmful chemicals into our H2O supplies because it causes injury to the rivers and lakes. Water pollution affects workss and beings populating in theseA organic structures of H2O ; and, in about all instances the consequence is damaging non merely to individualA speciesA and populations, but besides to the naturalA biological communities. Water pollution occurs whenA pollutantsA are discharged straight or indirectly into H2O organic structures without adequateA treatmentA to take harmful compounds. Water pollution is a major job in the planetary context. It has been suggested that it is the taking worldwide cause of deceases and diseases, A and that it accounts for the deceases of more than 14,000 people daily.A An estimated 700 millionA IndiansA have no entree to a proper lavatory, and 1,000 Indian kids dice of diarrhoeal illness every day.A Some 90 % ofA China ‘s metropoliss suffer from some grade of H2O pollution, A and about 500 million people lack entree to safe imbibing water.A In add-on to the acute jobs of H2O pollution in developing states, A industrialized countriesA continue to fight with pollution jobs every bit good. In the most recent national study onA H2O qualityA in theA United States, 45 per centum of assessedA streamA stat mis, 47 per centum of assessed lakeA estates, and 32 per centum of asse ssedA bayA and estuarineA square milesA were classified as polluted. Facts about Water Pollution Over two-thirds of U.S. estuaries and bays are badly debauched because of N and phosphoric pollution Every twelvemonth about 25 % of U.S. beaches are closed at least one time because of H2O pollution Over 73 different sorts of pesticides have been found in the groundwater that we finally use to imbibe 1.2 trillion gallons of sewerage, stormwater and industrial waste are discharged into U.S. Waterss every twelvemonth 40 % of U.S. rivers are excessively polluted for aquatic life to last Americans use over 2.2 billion lbs of pesticides every twelvemonth, which finally washes into our rivers and lakes How to Prevent Water Pollution The best manner to forestall H2O pollution is to non throw rubbish and other harmful chemicals into our H2O supplies. Here are a few more ways you can forestall H2O pollution: Wash your auto far off from any storm H2O drains Do n’t throw rubbish, chemicals or dissolvers into cloaca drains Inspect your infected system every 3-5 old ages Avoid utilizing pesticides and fertilisers that can run off into H2O systems Brush your private road alternatively of hosing it down Always pump your waste-holding armored combat vehicles on your boat Use non-toxic cleansing stuffs Clean up oil and other liquid spills with kitty litter and sweet them up Do n’t rinse pigment coppices in the sink NOISE POLLUTION Noise pollutionA ( orA environmentalA noise ) is displeasing human, carnal or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or carnal life. The wordA noiseA comes from the Latin wordA sicknesss, intending mal de mer. The beginning of most out-of-door noise worldwide is chiefly building A andA transit systems, includingA motor vehicleA noise, A aircraft noise andA rail noise. PoorA urban planningA may give rise to resound pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential edifices can ensue in noise pollution in the residential country. Indoor and out-of-door noise pollution beginnings includeA auto dismaies, exigency serviceA Sirens, mechanical equipment, A fireworks, compressedA air horns, evidences maintaining equipment, barking Canis familiariss, contraptions, A lightingA busyness, audio amusement systems, electric A megaphones, and loud people. The fact that you ca n’t see, gustatory sensation or smell it may assist explicate why it has non received every bit much attending as other types of pollution, such as air pollution, or H2O pollution.A The air around us is invariably filled with sounds, yet most of us would likely non state we are surrounded by noise.A Though for some, th e persistent and intensifying beginnings of sound can frequently be considered an annoyance.A This â€Å" irritation † can hold large danger. MITIGATION AND CONTROL FOR NOISE POLLUTION Here are a assortment of schemes for mitigatingA roadway noiseA including: usage ofA noise barriers, restriction of vehicle velocities, change of roadway surface texture, restriction ofA heavy vehicles, usage of traffic controls that smooth vehicle flow to cut down braking and acceleration, and tyre design. An of import factor in using these schemes is aA computing machine modelA forA roadway noise, that is capable of turn toing localA topography, weather forecasting, traffic operations and conjectural extenuation. Costss of building-in extenuation can be modest, provided these solutions are sought in the planning phase of a roadway undertaking. Aircraft noiseA can be reduced to some extent by design of quieterA jet engines, which was pursued smartly in the 1970s and 1980s. This scheme has brought limited but noticeable decrease of urban sound degrees. Reconsideration of operations, such as alteringA flight pathsA and clip of twenty-four hours track usage, has demonstrated benefits for residential populations near airports.A FAAA sponsored residential retrofit ( insularity ) plans initiated in the 1970s has besides enjoyed success in cut downing interiorA residentialA noise in 1000s of abodes across theA United States. Exposure of workers toA Industrial noiseA has been addressed since the 1930s. Changes include redesign of industrial equipment, daze mounting assemblies and physical barriers in the workplace. Noise Free America, a national anti-noise pollution organisation, regularly anterooms for the enforcement of noise regulations at all degrees of authorities. LIGHT POLLUTION TheA International Dark-Sky AssociationA ( IDA ) definesA light pollutionA as: Any inauspicious consequence of unreal light includingA sky freshness, A blaze, A light trespass, A light jumble, decreased visibleness at dark, and energy waste. Such an attack confuses the cause and its consequence, however.A PollutionA is the adding-of/added visible radiation itself, in analogy to added sound, CO2A etc. Adverse effects are multiple, some of them may be non known yet. Real definitions are to be, hence, like: Change of natural visible radiation degrees in the out-of-door environment owing to unreal light beginnings. Light pollution is the change of light degrees in the out-of-door environment ( from those present of course ) due to semisynthetic beginnings of visible radiation. Indoor light pollution is such change of light degrees in the indoor environment due to beginnings of visible radiation, which compromises human wellness. Light pollution is the debut by worlds, straight or indirectly, of unreal visible radiation into the environment. In malice of the scientific attack, The U.S.A National Park Service, whose Night Sky Team determined that about every park that it surveyed has noticeable light pollution, A defines the term still as: Chiefly, the light of the dark sky caused by unreal visible radiation beginnings, diminishing the visibleness of stars and other natural sky phenomena. Besides includes other incidental or noticeable facets of out-of-door illuming such as blaze, trespass into countries non necessitating illuming, usage in countries where or at times when illuming is non needed, and perturbation of the natural nighttime landscape. Light pollution obscures the stars in theA dark skyA for metropolis inhabitants, interferes withA astronomicalA observatories, and, like any other signifier of pollution, disruptsA ecosystemsA and has inauspicious wellness effects. Light pollution can be divided into two chief types: ( 1 ) raging visible radiation that intrudes on an otherwise natural or low-light scene ( 2 ) inordinate visible radiation ( by and large indoors ) that leads to discomfort and inauspicious wellness effects. Since the early 1980s, a globalA dark-sky movementA has emerged, with concerned people runing to cut down the sum of light pollution. Light pollution is a side consequence of industrial civilisation. Its beginnings include edifice exterior and interior lighting, advertisement, commercial belongingss, offices, mills, street lamps, and illuminated featuring locales. WAYS TO REDUCE LIGHT POLLUTION Reducing light pollution implies many things, such as cut downing sky freshness, cut downing blaze, cut downing light trespass, and cut downing jumble. The method for best cut downing light pollution, hence, depends on precisely what the job is in any given case. Possible solutions include: Using light beginnings of minimal strength necessary to carry through the visible radiation ‘s intent. Turning visible radiations off utilizing a timer or tenancy detector or manually when non needed. Bettering illuming fixtures, so that they direct their visible radiation more accurately towards where it is needed, and with less side effects. Adjusting theA typeA of visible radiations used, so that the light moving ridges emitted are those that are less likely to do terrible light pollution jobs. Measuring bing illuming programs, and re-designing some or all of the programs depending on whether bing visible radiation is really needed. LAND POLLUTION LandA pollutionA is pollution of the Earth ‘s natural land surface by industrial, commercial, domestic and agricultural activities. Land pollutionA is the debasement of Earth ‘s land surfaces frequently caused by human activities and their abuse of land resources. It occurs when waste is non fain decently. Health jeopardy disposal of urban and industrial wastes, development of minerals, and improper usage of dirt by unequal agricultural patterns are a few factors.A UrbanizationA andA industrializationA are major causes of land pollution. The Industrial Revolution set a series of events into gesture which destroyed natural home grounds and polluted the environment, doing diseases in both worlds and other species of animate beings. Beginnings OF LAND POLLUTION Some of the chief subscribers to set down pollution are: Chemical and atomic workss Industrial mills Oil refineries Human sewerage Oil and antifreeze leaking from autos Mining Littering Overcrowded landfills Deforestation Construction dust Fact ABOUT LAND POLLUTION Every twelvemonth one American produces over 3285 lbs of risky waste Land pollution causes us to lose 24 billion dozenss of top dirt every twelvemonth Americans generate 30 billion froth cups, 220 million tyres and 1.8 billion disposable nappies every twelvemonth We throw off plenty trash every twenty-four hours to make full 63,000 refuse trucks Every twenty-four hours Americans throw off 1 million bushels of litter out their auto window Over 80 % of points in landfills can be recycled, but they ‘re non How to Prevent Land Pollution The best manner to forestall land pollution is to recycle. Here are a few other ways you can cut down land pollution: Reuse any points that you can Buy biodegradable merchandises Store all liquid chemicals and waste in spill-proof containers Eat organic nutrients that are grown withoutA pesticides Do n’t utilize pesticides Use a trickle tray to roll up engine oil Buy merchandises that have small packaging Do n’t dump motor oil on the land MARINE POLLUTION Marine pollutionA occurs when harmful effects, or potentially harmful effects, can ensue from the entry into the ocean of chemicals, A atoms, industrial, agricultural and residentialA waste, noise, or the spread of invasive beings. Most beginnings of Marine pollution are land based. The pollution frequently comes fromA nonpoint sourcesA such as agricultural A runoffA and windblown dust. Many potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny atoms which are so taken up by A planktonA and benthosA animate beings, most of which are either sedimentation orA filter feeders. In this manner, the toxins areA concentrated upwardA within oceanA nutrient ironss. Many atoms combine chemically in a mode extremely depletive ofA O, causingA estuariesA to becomeA anoxic. When pesticides are incorporated into theA Marine ecosystem, they rapidly go captive into marineA nutrient webs. Once in the nutrient webs, these pesticides can do mutants, every bit good as diseases, which can be harmful to worlds every b it good as the full nutrient web. Toxic metalsA can besides be introduced into marine nutrient webs. These can do a alteration to weave affair, biochemistry, behavior, reproduction, and suppress growing in marine life. Besides, manyA carnal feedsA have a highA fish mealA orA fish hydrolysateA content. In this manner, Marine toxins can be transferred to land animate beings, and appear subsequently in meat and dairy merchandises. TERMAL POLLUTION Thermal pollutionA is the debasement ofA H2O qualityA by any procedure that changes ambient waterA temperature. A common cause of thermic pollution is the usage of H2O as aA coolantA byA power plantsA and industrial makers. When H2O used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature, the alteration in temperature ( a ) DecreasesA oxygenA provide ( B ) AffectsA ecosystemA composing. SHIP POLLUTION Ship pollutionA is the pollution of air andA waterA byA transportation. It is a job that has been speed uping asA tradeA has become progressively globalized, presenting an increasing menace to the universe ‘s oceans and waterways asA globalizationA continues. RADIATION POLLUTION Radiation pollution is any signifier of ionising or no ionizing radiation that consequences from human activities. The most well-known radiation consequences from the explosion of atomic devices and the controlled release of energy by nuclear-power generating workss ( see atomic energy ) . Other beginnings of radiation include spent-fuel reprocessing workss, byproducts of excavation operations, and experimental research research labs. Increased exposure to medical X beams and to radiation emanations from microwave ovens and other family contraptions, although of well less magnitude, all constitute beginnings of environmental radiation. Public concern over the release of radiation into the environment greatly increased following the revelation of possible harmful effects to the populace from atomic arms proving, the accident ( 1979 ) at the Three Mile Island nuclear-power generating works near Harrisburg, Pa. , and the ruinous 1986 detonation at Chernobyl, a Soviet atomic power works. In the late eightiess, disclosures of major pollution jobs at U.S. atomic arms reactors raised apprehensivenesss even higher. REFRENCES Pollution causes consequence and control By Roy M.Harrison Air Pollution By Jeremy Coils Global consequence of environmental pollution By Siegfied Fred Singer Water Wars By Vandana Shiva Pollution By Christiane Dorion www.google.com Wikipedia.org How to cite Types And Causes Of Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Speech Analysis Corporate Communications

Question: Discuss about the Speech Analysis for Corporate Communications. Answer: Introduction: In case of any public speech, it is imperative that the speaker is able to instill admiration and inspire awe in the minds of the listeners. The speech should have an indelible impact on the mind of the listeners, so that they can be persuaded to act in accordance with what the speaker tells them to do. While Hilary Clinton was being nominated for the Presidential election of the US, as a representative of the Democratic Party, she was being required to offer a speech to convince the public to vote her and choose her over Trump. Hence, it is important to analyze the rhetoric style of Clinton to comprehend the way it had inspired and influenced the masses on the night of December, 2016. While delivering any speech, Ethos is an important aspect that helps the speaker to convince the listeners that whatever she is saying is inherently true and worth taking into consideration. In the speech of Clinton, it is not merely her confident appearance or merely smart gesture or even the influential last name that inspires confidence in the masses. Rather the speaker adopts an eloquently persuasive style (Jay). She starts her speech by appreciating Obama, instead of telling the people about her own expertise. She discreetly chooses to admire the former President, the member of her own party, and thus while staying humble before the public, she easily convinces them about the goodness and strong governance of the Republic Party. This helps in making her win credibility at once. Besides, Hilary Clinton keeps on employing the word we, ad states how we, the countrymen together will take America to a new beginning (Gallo). This helps the speaker form emotional rapport with the liste ners. Even while criticizing Donald Trump for wising to separate USA from the rest of the world the speaker says He wants to divide us . This helps her form a close association with the listeners, and makes them aware how the motto of the Democratic Party is aligned with the interests of the public. While the element of persuasion is an important aspect in a public speech, a speaker should be able to emotionally connect with and appeal to the minds of the audiences. This quality is known as Pathos (Coopman). In the speech of Hilary Clinton, Hilary keeps on using the word we and our and us that helps her speech evoke faith and empathy in the minds of the audience. Clinton was well-aware that she was coming from an influential family, and hence the audience might have hard time in forming an emotional connect with her. This is why the speaker explains how she herself has come from an ordinary family, struggling its way to success. She explains how it is only through solidarity and mutual love, has her family been able to ensure good life for the members. In order to invoke a strong emotional response in the listeners, in a story-telling fashion, the speaker depicts scenes narrating how she has helped the children with disabilities that had come to her seeking her financial assista nce and mental support (Wang). The way in which she describes in great detail mentioning the age and name of the children she has helped, and what has motivated her to do so, does instill awe in the audiences mind. Logos is equally important as it helps the speaker persuade the audience by giving them sufficient logical explanations for the same (Dlugan). Hilary Clinton successfully uses factual examples whereby she refers to how her party has worked for the Childrens Defence Fund, while also referring to real life examples of the persons benefitted such as Ryan Moore and Lauren Manning. She also refers to people like Lauren and Debbie, who had been injured in the 9/11 attack and had been subsequently benefitted by the social welfare programs of Hilary Clinton. Again, the angle of vision is an important attribute that is also present in the speech of Hilary Clinton. She tries her best to present her viewpoint regarding how the rule of her opponent Donald Trump would only bring about darkness and uncertainty in the US. In any public speech, the angle of vision of the speaker should necessarily intend to align with the motives and interests of the public. However, this is here does Clinton miss out much of her opportunity to convince the audience (Baccarani). Although she does present her angle of vision, by discussing how her party and she herself has been involved in multiple public welfare activities, she fails to highlight the flaws of Donald Trump. To conclude, it should be remembered that Hilary Clinton does adopt a highly persuasive and eloquent style that helps her form an emotional connect with the listeners. Even though her speech cannot be considered flawless, it does stir emotions and inspire awe among the audience. Reference List: Jay, Samuel M. "The Capable American: Ethos, Pathos, and the Governance of Education."Rhetoric in Neoliberalism. Springer International Publishing, 2017. 87-107. Dlugan, Andrew. "Ethos, pathos, logos: 3 pillars of public speaking."Six Minutes. Last modified September2 (2013). Coopman, Stephanie J., and James Lull.Public speaking: The evolving art. Cengage Learning, 2014. Baccarani, Claudio, and Angelo Bonfanti. "Effective public speaking: a conceptual framework in the corporate-communication field."Corporate Communications: An International Journal20.3 (2015): 375-390. Wang, Xueyu. "Appeals to Ethos and Pathos in Post-Crisis Communication: A Case Study of Press Conferences Handling Tianjin Blasts."International Journal of English Linguistics6.1 (2016): 100. Gallo, Carmine.Talk Like TED: The 9 Public Speaking Secrets of the World's Top Minds. Pan Macmillan, 2014. Hillary Clinton's DNC Speech. https://www.politico.com/story/2016/07/full-text-hillary-clintons-dnc-speech-226410: Politico Staff, 2016. video.

Strategic Planning in Educational Organizations

Introduction Strategic planning has been employed mainly in business environments to shape long-term future. This is mainly because sustainability of such businesses is crucial to their competitiveness. In the recent past, strategic planning has been implemented in educational institutions and organizations. This has resulted in mixed reactions about its achievements.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Planning in Educational Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, its effectiveness in most businesses has also received mixed reactions. This poses the question as to how and when it can be effective. Several theorists have suggested ways of ensuring strategic planning is successfully implemented in businesses and educational centers as well as other organizations. In some cases, strategic planning tries to define organization’s direction and plan for the future. Furthermore, businesse s use it to overcome or avoid completion. It is quite important to note that for strategic planning to be effectively implemented; those concerned must ensure that its conditions are met. If this is not done, the outcome is usually unpredictable. This paper will examine strategic planning in educational organizations, conditions for its implementation, pros and cons as well as provide a recommendation on its use as a change in elementary work setting (Reeves, 2007, P. 1). Strategic Planning Strategic Planning refers to the process of shaping an organization or an individual’s future. It may also imply that a mission is desired and therefore every effort is channeled towards its achievement. Long-term future of any organization is dependent on its performance. In addition, the organization must have a vision or picture that conveys its desired future. All these should be in place before starting the process of strategic planning. Again, it is crucial to note that strategic pla nning assumes a collaborative process. This may disappoint those hoping to oversee implementation as detailed in the strategic plan. Strategic planning is inclusive and requires collaboration for achievement of goals. The plan usually defines a number (small, for instance, 10) of strategic objectives, which should be met to the desired goal or vision of such an organization. This involves an exclusive examination of approaches and process of strategic planning to achieve success. These are as stated below.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Approaches to Strategic Planning Implementation of strategic planning involves choice of different approaches. These include Future search, SWOT, ZOPP/OOP/LFA, and Open space, among others. These approaches share some similar principles such as the belief that future can always be shaped. The approaches also share a belief in â€Å"whole system†, which means that all stakeholders need to be involved for any success to be achieved. Similarly, the approaches have differences, which are observed in their strengths and weaknesses. Future search This kind of approach is commonly observed in non-business organizations. It involves planning and executing actions found to enjoy mutual support. It emphasizes on â€Å"leap forward† technique, in which the organization identifies its future condition and tries to reach it. SWOT SWOT is very common in business environments. This is mainly because it tries to evaluate the weaknesses, strengths and opportunities, as well as threats to survival of the business. ZOPP/OOP/LFA This terms refers to (LFA) Logical framework approach which is sometimes known as (OOPP) Objective oriented project planning or ZOPP in German, This type of approach emphasizes on identifying the problems by use of cause effective analysis method and then looks at ways of alleviating them. Open space This meth od of approach is a precursor to the initial approach, Future search. It goes on with already agreed topics and agenda. It is usually brought forward by a facilitator who allows people to nominate pressing issues and is ready to take responsibility (Schmoker, 2004, P. 5). Processes of Strategic Planning Strategic planning involves several processes for its requirements to be met. These processes are sequential and involve various activities. Educational organizations need to follow a systematic process in strategic management to achieve their goals. These include articulation of core values for institution or educational organization, developing of its mission statement, vision statement, and determining of the organization’s strategic objectives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Planning in Educational Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Further, on, the organization should define its main activities plus responsibilities and then disseminate as well as implement its plan. Finally, the organization should monitor outcomes of its activities and amend its plan as necessary. These processes entail various steps as shown above. Moreover, each of these steps involves several activities. In order to achieve the required results, all steps above have to be executed. In addition, execution of these steps should be in their correct order. In case executions are done in a different manner, which is not in the correct order, latter processes would be compromised. This may lead to eventual failure of the whole process. These processes should therefore be followed as prescribed to avoid mixed results. Merits of the strategic planning process in schools and other organizations Strategic planning has several advantages to organizations. These include increasing probability of an organization’s survival, increasing their market share, in case of other organizations, and motivating other stakeholders within the organization. Other advantages include improving the organization’s competitiveness and planning of quantum leap, which elevates it to a new level. It also enables the organization to renew its direction in case plan is for renewal. Strategic planning is important in allowing for smooth mergers and acquisitions of organization as it conveys its mission and the prevailing position. Strategic planning is also important in helping the organization to manage both internal and external factors that may affect it. Drawbacks of the strategic planning process in schools and other organizations Strategic planning is very important in monitoring the progress of organizations and schools. However, this is not easy as any mistake in following the laid out strategic plan compromises latter stages of the whole process. This is a drawback since such failures would mean starting the whole process a fresh and would be more expensive as well as time was ting. Other disadvantages include the fact that, in a school setting, some targets such a behavior of students may not be quantified. In essence, methods of evaluating the results may not be valid. Strategic planning has several strict conditions that may not apply in school settings; this may not be helpful for the organization (Evans, 2007, P. 2).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conditions under which strategic planning is both effective and ineffective Strategic planning can only be effective if done according to the prescribed order. This involves several steps and processes, which include activities that have to be done in accordance with the strategic plan. On the other hand, strategic planning cannot be effective if done without following correct order. This compromises the latter stages of strategic process and leads to a failure (Bonstingl, 2009, P. 3). Strategic Planning and change in your work setting Strategic planning was mainly used in business settings. Its adoption in school settings has outputted mixed results since school settings involve many activities and stakeholders. This starts from the staff, parents to students, among other stakeholders. Since strategic planning involves inclusion of all stakeholders, and given the gap between these groups of individuals in school setting, implementing strategic plan is quite involving. However, when done in accordance with the correct procedure, which may involve combination of its approaches, it can be successful. Change in work setting can therefore be attained by adopting and implementing strategic planning (Basham Lunenburg, 1989, p. 29). Conclusion Strategic Planning refers to the process of shaping an organization or an individual’s future. More often than not, it has been employed in business environments to shape their long-term futures. This is mainly because sustainability of such businesses is crucial to their competitiveness. In the recent past, strategic planning has been implemented in educational institutions and organizations. This has resulted in mixed reactions concerning its achievements. Moreover, its effectiveness in most businesses has also received mixed reactions. The paper examines four main approaches to strategic planning along with processes involved in strategic planning. These approaches are Future search, SWOT, ZOPP/OOP/LFA, and Open spac e, among others. In addition, the processes include among others, articulation of core values for institution or educational organization, developing of its mission statement, vision statement, and determining of the organization’s strategic objectives. Strategic planning has several advantages, which include among others, increasing the probability of an organization’s survival. Strategic planning is therefore important in educational organizations (Cook, 1988, p. 25). Recommendation Just as Strategic planning is important in business sector, it is also necessary in educational organizations. However, this must be done in accordance with the provided sequence of steps. Organizations should therefore ensure that all the laid out procedures are followed as agreed to succeed in strategic planning (McCune, 1986, p. 45). Reference List Basham, V., Lunenburg, F. (1989). Strategic planning, student achievement and school district financial and demographic factors. Planning and Changing, 20(3), 158–171. Bonstingl, J. J. (2009). Strategic planning during tough times. Leadership, 38(3), 8-10. Grand Canyon University Library Cook, B. (1988). Strategic planning for America’s schools. Arlington, VA: American Association of School Administrators. Evans, R. (2007). The case against strategic planning. Independent School, 67(1), 92-104. Grand Canyon University Librar. McCune, S. (1986). Strategic planning for educators. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Reeves, D. B. (2007). Making strategic planning work. Educational Leadership, 65(4), 86-87. Grand Canyon University Library. Schmoker, M. (2004). Tipping point: From feckless reform to substantive instructional improvement. Phi Delta Kappan, 85(6), 424-432. Grand Canyon University Library. This essay on Strategic Planning in Educational Organizations was written and submitted by user Kristopher Barr to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Strategic Planning in Educational Organizations

Costa Rica Essays (577 words) - Costa Rica, Republics, Free Essays

Costa Rica Essays (577 words) - Costa Rica, Republics, Free Essays Costa Rica Costa Rica Costa Rica is exactly what it means, rich coast. The beaches on both the Pacific and Caribbean coasts are full of beautiful plants, animals and people. That is what I consider to be rich. The beaches are not rich like others might think. Costa Rica lacked gold and silver that mesmerized the 16th century Spanish conquerors. For this very reason Spain virtually ignored Costa Rica during colonial times. Costa Rica also lacked a large amount of Amerindian population, that is why most of the people today are of purely Spanish decent. (Encyclopedia Americana p.50) Costa Rica is snuggled in between Nicaragua to the north and Panama to the south. Costa Rica is very rich in plant and animal life. Costa Rica is almost covered by forests. There are more than 130 families of trees that embrace some 1,300 species. The wildlife includes many exotic animals such as jaguars, pumas, deer, ocelot, sloths, and a variety of monkeys. At least 725 species of birds including parrots and toucans and 130 species of snakes and frogs have also been observed. (Encyclopedia Americana p.51-52) On the beaches you could find a variety of crabs, iguanas, basilisks, and sea turtles swimming in the ocean. (Egelkraut p.54-55) When sea turtles come to Ostional, Costa Rica to lay their eggs it is called la arribaba- the arrival. By 2 a.m. the Pacific beach looked like a cobblestone street where the cobblestones had come to life. (Rudloe p.97) Poaching eggs from a placid leatherback, a Costa Rican villager is one of legions who illegally take turtle eggs in Latin America. Eggs can go at two dollars a dozen and are hot in bars. (Rudloe p.104) The labor force amounted to 1,087,000 in 1992 which is about 34.1% of the total population. About half the total work force is concentrated in San Jose and Alajuela provinces. (Worldmark vol. 3 p.125) About 23% of the labor force is in the service or the government and 21% are in agriculture. (World Almanac p.756) Costa Rica is on e of the most literate populations in Latin America. There are five universities including an open university. The Open University located in San Jose operates 28 regional centers for all students that apply. The University of Costa Rica is supported by the government and enrolls about 28,000 students. (Worldmark vol. 3 p.128-129) In 1995 the adult literacy was 95%. Education is free and compulsory for ages 6-15. (World Almanac p.756) Health standards have steadily improved in Costa Rica. Hospitals are located in the principal cities, and about 95% of the hospital beds are in urban areas. Health services for the rural population are generally inadequate, and the refugee problem has severely taxed urban services. There are sanitary units and dispensaries to care for the health needs of the poor. (Worldmark vol.3 p.128) Life expectancy at birth for males are 73.4 years and for females it is 78.4 years. There is 1 physician for every 870 persons. (World Almanac p.756) One day I hope to live in Costa Rica because for me it is truly paradise. I would love to live in the tropics and not have to worry about cold weather. I also thought that the ticos (what they call themselves) are very friendly and like to learn about the new technology.

Simulation plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Simulation plan - Essay Example The result shows that it is essential to develop training infrastructure before action, such as team pilot project, product development team, and product improvement team. In addition, majority of effective moves are based on the integration of departments, communication and vision of the organization. The most influential actions in the simulation include identification of the problem which garnered an overall effectiveness of 100% in timing and 80% effectiveness in method. Financial and competitiveness, which was done at the most effective time, had 100% time effectiveness. Other notable actions include stakeholder mapping that had an effectiveness level of 89% and timing at 93%, team training which was done first was also highly effective at 84%. Firing employees who resist change had 82% of good timing and 100% of effectiveness. This was the right decision. Training and mentoring new and existing team members is also good for a change and is 100% effective in timing and importance. Despite the positive outcomes of the game, there were steps that were problematic. Timing was the major determinant of success. The affected areas include; stakeholder mapping which should have been done before a core change team was identified, the current move is thus out of order. Development of the vision has 18% time effective and 60% effectiveness in action. Though product improvement is timed correctly, it is out of order since training infrastructure must be developed first. This also affected team pilot project and new product development team. Restructuring the firm into teams was out of order with a -50% timing effectiveness. This is because team training should have happened first. The overall score of the simulation game is 62%. This implies that right moves surpass the break-even point by 12%. The index can be improved by addressing the issues that pose a negative impact on the

SEXUAL OFFENCES AND OFFENDING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

SEXUAL OFFENCES AND OFFENDING - Essay Example According to Lees (2000), law reform initiatives have expanded the definitions of rape, advocacy groups have become more widespread and established, and police officers have been exposed to better training and education programmes. However, it remains less clear how these changes have been accompanied by a significant shift in police officers’ attitudes towards rape complainants. This paper seeks to examine the response of police officers to rape allegations, the manner in which police investigate these allegations, and the challenges faced by the police when dealing with these allegations. According to Epstein and Langebahn (1994), offences if sexual violation and rape have notoriously low reporting rates. Few victims are willing to approach the police on their own accord. At the same time, of the cases that are reported, few of them proceed to the point of prosecution. While several studies have been conducted on rape cases which resulted in prosecution, little research has been conducted on complainant’s experiences of reporting rape to the police. This is despite the significant reforms to law and procedures taking effect in the mid 1980s. One of the first countries to attempt key reforms in its rape laws was New Zealand. It introduced an expanded and gender-neutral definition of rape in 1986. It also abolished married men’s right to spousal immunity from prosecution for rape. Similar reforms have been undertaken in England, the United States, and Australia. Jordan (2001) draws from a research conducted in the 1990s to determine the level to which women’s experiences of reporting rape to the police had improved since the reforms in New Zealand were initiated. In the study, 48 women were interviewed, with extensive information obtained regarding reporting and statement-taking, the medical examination, and support agency contacts. Throughout the study, there was a recurring issue. This is whether or not a woman

Usage of space in shell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Usage of space in shell - Essay Example ssay aims at examining how the Shell Oil Company has utilized its operational space, particularly office space, to increase operations and profits as a result, in the United States. The Shell Oil Company is a subsidiary business of the Royal Dutch Shell Oil Company, located in the United States. In 2011, the Shell Oil Company leased a total of about 1.3 million feet squared of office space at the One Shell Plaza and the Two Shell Plaza in Houston (Hines, 2011). In the One Shell Plaza; Shell Oil Company occupies the largest percentage of office space. For instance, on the first floor, the Shell oil company has a small museum which illustrates the company’s history. The whole of Shell’s head office is located at the One Shell Plaza, while most of the other floors serve as corporate offices for the company. The Two Shell Plaza, on the other hand, plays the purpose of a parking lot as well as other Shell Oil Company offices. From 2011, the lease is set to expire after 15 years, thus making the Shell Oil Company a tenant at the Hines-owned property for over 55 years. According to Hines (2011), Shell renewed the lease in accordance with the latter company’s plan of consolidating more office space at Houston downtown. According to Cook (2012), the lease was the largest office space contract in the world that year. The acquisition of this office space is a significant leap from the 650, 000 square feet that the Royal Dutch Shell started with in 1970 (Cook, 2012). Over time, Shell has made progressive steps towards ensuring that there is enough working space for the thousands of people working in the company. In the 1990s, for example, Shell made major renovations to the Shell Plaza buildings aimed at easing operations and maximizing the output of the workforce (Cook, 2012). For instance, modern elevators were installed, electrical and mechanical upgrades were done, and architectural lobbies were upgr aded, in addition to other changes. In 2011, after Shell signed

Forms of Contract for Construction Work

Forms of Contract for Construction Work 1.0 Introduction The Scenario A leading manufacturer of confectionery in the UK suffered a devastating fire at their factory in Sheffield. Their insurers have authorised an immediate commencement of the rebuilding work and have been paying a sum of approximately  £1 5m. per month to the insured company as â€Å"Business Continuity† insurance to cover both loss of profit and to allow products to be imported from another country for packaging and sale. The factory site has been cleared using an enabling works contract and it has been decided that an experience single contractor, who is capable of undertaking this type of work would be appointed. It is now the responsibility of an experienced project manager to administer the rebuilding of the factory, which currently is thought to be in the region of  £60m worth. The time scale and who the project manager will use to achieve the delivery of the new building and process equipment to enable the manufacture of confectionery to re-start, including any trials, performance tests and commissioning at the earliest possible opportunity is for him/her to decide. On this account, time of completion and quality is the primary concern and cost is secondary, thus, a form of contract with a procurement route or strategy that would facilitate the construction of the rebuilding to start immediately, while all other preparations (e.g Engineering works) towards the building objective are going on, would be the appropriate or desired form of contract†. Chapter 2 2.0 Forms of contract Standard form of contract for the execution of work and the appointment of consultants are basically used in the construction, Engineering and processing industries. These contracts are prepared by one body in isolation or jointly prepared by bodies representing employers, consultants and contractors. Some of the forms of contracts by these bodies are: Joint contract Tribunal (JCT) forms of contract Engineering Contract (NEC 3) forms of contract Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE) forms of contract Association of Consultant Engineers (ACE) forms of contract Association of Consultant Architects (ACA) forms of contract General Condition/works forms of contact 2.1 Criteria for the Selection of Forms of Contract According to the office of building and development in Australia (1996), there are a variety of forms of contract and procurement route that are available for acquiring a new or rebuilding of building, facilities or infrastructure, which are basically determined by a number of criteria, which are: Type of client Level of involvement required by the client The project size and complexity Speed Time available for construction Risk allocation Approach to the design solution Cost certainty and method of financing the project Specialist input Capacity for variations Ability to change scope of work and Contract Administration Separation of design and management 2.2 Contract Types 2.2.1 Traditional Contract Traditional contracts are the type of contracts that separate the design from the construction stages with consultants leading on design and the contractor responsible for the construction execution. In this type of contracts, a consultant (an architect in most cases) acts on behalf of the client/employer as the contract administrator and most risks are passed to the contractors and sub-contractors. Traditional contracts embraced ‘sort it out latter mentality, where time, cost and other related problems are left to the end of the project, which often leads to dispute. Overlapping of design and construction stages in the traditional contract is not encouraged and there is wide criticism that traditional contracts polarise the parties resulting in extreme inefficiencies and encouraging dispute. However, it focuses on the clients main requirements of design control, time and cost certainty. Most of the JCT, ICE and General Conditions/work contract forms adopt the traditional contr act. According to Holt (2010), examples of traditional contracts include: JCT Standard Building Contract with Quantities JCT Intermediate contract JCT Minor Works Contract NEC Engineering and Construction Contract (option A and B fixed price) 2.2.2 Design and Build Contracts Design and Build contract is probably the recent form of procurement and it is available from most of the contract producing bodies (Keown 2010). In a design and build contract, the client employed consultant to prepare documents outlining his requirement in a form of a brief initial designed scheme (Employers Requirements). A single contractor is then appointed to deliver the designed scheme as required (contractors proposals) by employing his or her own design team and then carries out the execution of the work using both the employers requirements and the contractors proposals. The contractor could also engage the original consultant to complete the design through a novation agreement and term or use his own design team for the purpose, which would be verified by the clients design team. Under the design and build method, there is no independent contract administration rather the employer uses ‘employers agent to administer the contract. Examples of Design and Build proposed by Holt (2010) are: JCT Design and Build Contract The NEC Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC) -Target cost contract with Activity schedule or Bill of Quantities (Main option C). 2.2.3 Non-Traditional (Management) Contracts Non-traditional contracts such as management contracts are specialist forms of contract, where a specialist e.g management contractor or project manager manages the construction activities on behalf of the client/employer. It is suitable for large, complex and fast-track projects such as high-rise buildings. Management form of contract tends to solve the problems associated with traditional contracts by a means of collaborative working and trying to unite the various project participants in order to avoid polarisation. It claims to remove traditional contract inefficiencies and increase cost and time certainty. Construction procurement by management contract requires great care and high level of sophistication by employer and contractor. According to Keown (2010), advantages of using management contract include: It is a quick method of procuring a competitive tendered. It facilitates a quick start of construction activities on the site. Flexibility design activities can extend into the construction period. It gives the opportunity for changes in the scope of work. It avoids polarisation of parties by collaborative work. It encourages early contractor input on the programme, buildability and content of work contract packages. The employer/client has an opportunity to stop the project before proceeding to construction, for a set fee to the contractor. Examples of Non-traditional (management) contract proposed by Holt (2010) are: JCT Construction Management Appointment JCT Management Building Contract The NEC ECC, Management Contract main option F JCT Construction Excellence (CE) Chapter 3 3.0 Review of Different Forms of Contract The JCT, NEC3, ICE, and ACA forms of contract are intended to be reviewed for the selection of a suitable form of contract for the rebuilding of the confectionery factory. 3.1 Joint Contract Tribunal (JCT) 2005 JCT form of contract, which was formerly known as RIBA contract until 1977 was the first form of building contract agreed between architects and builders established in 1931 (Chappell, et al. 2001). The JCT now comprises professional bodies, which are: Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) Royal Institute of British Architects Scottish Building Contract Committee British Property Federation Construction Federation Local Government Association National Specialist Contractor Council Limited The JCT forms of contract embraced the traditional procurement philosophy and are very popular in the UK. According to the survey carried out in 2004 by Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors (RICS 2006), which was tagged RICS contracts in Use Survey 2004, approximately 78% of construction contracts were procured using JCT in the UK. As noted previously that most JCT contracts are basically traditional contract, they required well- developed design before the construction works to commence. It is a form of contract that is fairly complicated and is always criticised for polarising construction team and encouraging claims; this must always be borne in mind when considering selecting JCT forms of contract. However, it also offers collaborating working contracts like Construction Excellence (CE) that has not been tested in the market (Keown 2010). The JCT 2005, which is the current and updated form of contract, has varieties of procurement methods for small and large projects that are basically intended for building/construction work, particularly in the private/commercial sector depending on procurement criteria being considered. According to Keown (2010), most JCT forms of contract do not have any express clauses on ground condition, thus, they are often amended and include terms that exclude liability for ground conditions. So, JCT contracts are not suitable for: Rail or road related works; Civil or earthworks; Mechanical or electrical plant/installations works; Landscape or archaeological works; and Ecological or environmental works The JCT 2005 various forms of contract use to suit the ever changing construction industry are: The Minor Works (MW) Building Contract This form of contract is very popular and suitable for small construction works, which are relatively simple in nature. It is lump-sum form of contract that based on drawings and specifications, but not re-measurement contact and requires an independent contract administrator. According to Keown (2010), it is suitable for construction work that worth  £100,000 (2008 prices). The Minor Works with Contractors Design (MWD) Contract In this form of contract, which is a version of Minor works (MW), the contractor provides design, which is limited to discrete parts of the works. However, it should be noted that it is not a design and build contract. Intermediate Building Contract (IC) This form of contract is another popular form of JCT contract suitable for construction works of a simple content without complex building service installations (BrunswickIS 2007). It is a lump-sum contract based on drawing and specifications, ranging from  £100,000 to  £800,000 (2008 rough financial prices) (Keown 2010). It also requires independent contract administrator and a quantity surveyor. Intermediate Building Contract with Contractors Design (ICD) This form of contract is a version of the intermediate building contract, which the contractor can provide design that is limited to discrete part of the works. It should be noted that it is not a design and build contract. Standard Building Contract (SBC) The SBC is a modern and sophisticated construction contract, which is suitable for larger projects that value  £500,000 upwards (2008 prices) given by Keown (2010). The SBC requires considerable experience to operate and understand it effectively and an independent contract administrator and quantity surveyor are needed. It is unsuitable for projects with substantial substructure work, excavation and earthworks. SBC comes in three formats: Standard Building Contract with Quantities (SBC/Q) Standard Building Contract with Approximate Quantities (SBC/AQ) Standard Building Contract without Quantities (SBC/XQ) The SBC/Q and SBCXQ are lump-sum contracts based on drawings and specification, if there is a bill of quantities, then these rates and prices are for valuing variations. While the SBC/AQ is a re-measurement contract. All these forms of SBC made provision for the contractor to provide design known as ‘contractors Design Portion, which is limited to discrete parts of the works such as the piling, mechanical and engineering works. However, it should be noted that it is not a Design and Build Contract. Design and Build Contract (DB) JCT design and build is a sophisticated contract requiring considerable experience to be used effectively. The employer/client provides the initial design that sets out his requirement in the contract document (Employers Requirement) and the contractor completes the design (contractors Proposals) and commences the construction work. It is a lump-sum contract that requires adequate time and great care to draft the employers requirements as it does not encourage change of scope or variation without incurring an additional cost. Design and build contract does not require an independent contract administrator, rather the employer/client uses an ‘Employers Agent to administer the contract. Major Project Construction Contract (MP) JCT MP Contract is suitable for large projects, which both the client and contractor are sophisticated and experienced construction parties working on large projects that value around  £10m upward (2008 prices) (Keown 2010). It is similar to Design and Build, where the client provides initial design and the contractor completes the design and commences the execution work. Thus, adequate time and great care are required in drafting the employers requirement as there is little scope for change later.. Prime Cost Building Contract The JCT prime cost building contract is a cost reimbursement form in which the contractor is paid by a fixed fee or a percentage fee in addition to the incurred cost. According to Keown (2010), this form of contract is used where the scope of work could not be defined such as refurbishment work or where the works have to start immediately such as emergency work after fire damaged. In this form of contract, cost of the project cannot be ascertained until the completion, and it could be used alternatively to the NEC 3 ECC Main Options E, which is also a cost reimbursement contract.. JCT Management Contracts (MC) The JCT has two forms of management contracts, which are Construction management form and Management contract form. Both forms require great care and a high level sophistication and experience by the employer and the contractor. They are not popular in the UK but sometimes used on large, complex and fast track projects. Construction Management: In this form, the contractor acts on behalf of the client as only a construction manager to manage the construction work by supervising the trade subcontractors employed by the client. Management Contract: In this form, the main contractor acts as construction manager for the works and employs the subcontractor. The main contractor does not carry out any construction works but manages the work carry out by his subcontractor for a fee plus the prime cost. The JCT Construction Excellence (CE) This form of contract is radically different from all other JCT forms of contract because it is a partnering/collaborative contract newly introduced in 2007 to enter the collaborative contract market that is dominated by the NEC and PPC2000 forms. In JCT CE form, the parties are referred to as ‘suppliers and purchasers and it took the form of traditional two party contract used for procurement of construction works and construction services. The contract terms and condition are short and straightforward, and can be priced either by lump sum or by target cost having a guaranteed Maximum cost facility. What is unusual about this form is that the risk associated with the project is identified and then allocated the risks between themselves, particularly respect to time and cost. According to Keown (2010), â€Å"As of 2009, the JCT CE contract appears to be rarely used, thus, it has not been tested in the market†. In my opinion, JCT forms of contract are not the best option for the rebuilding of the confectionery factory because: JCT forms of contract are basically intended for building/construction work, thus, will therefore, be inadequate in addressing the engineering aspect of the factory. It required well- developed design before the construction works to commence, thus, unsuitable for work that would commence immediately. It is always criticised for polarising construction team and encouraging claims, thus, may not encourage a good relationships among parties involved, which is required for the success of the project. So, JCT forms of contract will not be considered for the rebuilding of the confectionery factory†. 3.2 NEW ENGINEERING CONTRACTS (NEC 3) FORMS OF CONTRACT The New Engineering Contracts (NEC 3) is a family of NEC standard contract launched in 1991 that was revised in 2005 to replace NEC 2 suite that promotes a partnering culture, and has been cited has the preferred form of contract in ‘Constructing the team, a report by Sir Michael Latham (Knowles 2001). The New Engineering Contract (NEC 3) suite adopts a different approach to the procurement and execution of construction engineering through a proactive means to construction problems as the work progress. It is a Non- traditional form of contract that embraces early collaboration of all parties involved to avoid polarisation that is claimed to be caused by traditional form, and also, intended to create an equitable balance of risk between the parties to the contract. NEC 3 is applicable to a wide variety of major and minor construction works, which include: Building and Civil engineering works; Mechanical and electrical plant/installations works; Process engineering; and Offshore fabrication. Some of the ways by which NEC 3 stage proactive features include: Early collaboration and involvement of all parties, which include the client, project manager, contractor, subcontractor, etc. The contractor proposes how to solve arising problems. It embraces parallel activities between the design and construction activities. It gives no chance for storing up of claims until after the work is accomplished. It is better suited for a project that must be completed quickly, even if that faster completion makes the project more expensive i.e. timely procedure/response and programmes are primary and cost is secondary. The pro-active approach that embraces collaboration of all parties and more man-hours administration is emphasised in the first core clause of the NEC 3, which states that ‘The Employer, the contractor, the project manager and the supervisor shall act as stated in this contract in the spirit of mutual trust and co-operation (core clause 10). The NEC 3 forms of contract that are currently in use are: NEC 3 Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC) NEC 3 Engineering and Construction Subcontract (ECS) NEC 3 Engineering and Construction Short Contract (ECSC) NEC 3 Engineering and Construction Short Subcontract (ECSS) NEC 3 Tern Service Contract (TSC) NEC 3 Framework Contract NEC3 Professional Services Contract NEC3 Adjudicators Contract. NEC 3 Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC) NEC 3 ECC is the most widely used NEC 3 contract for appointing the main contractor for building, civil and all other engineering works including any level of design responsibilities i.e. it allows the contractor to provide design (Clause 21). However, it should be noted that NEC 3 has no specific design and build contract. The ECC has six (6) main options and twenty-two (22) secondary options to choose from. The main options are: Main Option A: Contract type priced contract with Activity schedule. Pricing Mechanism Lump sum Risk Allocation Contractor Suitability suitable for contract that the client wants maximum cost certainty but the need for a complete design is important. Main Option B: Contract type Priced contract with BoQ Pricing Mechanism Re-measurement Risk Allocation Contractor Suitability suitable for contract where there are grounds works and there is uncertainty on the final quantities of the work. Main Option C: Contract type Target contract with Activity Schedule Pricing Mechanism Cost re-imbursement with pain-gain mechanism Risk Allocation Shared between the client and the contractor Suitability suitable for contract where there is a need for an early start on site or the design is incomplete or inadequate. Main Option D: Contract type Target contract with BoQ Pricing Mechanism Cost re-imbursement with pain-gain mechanism Risk Allocation Shared between the client and the contractor Suitability suitable for contract where there is a need for an early start on site or the design is incomplete or inadequate. Main Option E: Contract type Cost Re-imbursement Contract Pricing Mechanism Cost re-imbursement Risk Allocation Client Suitability suitable for contract where it is difficult or impossible to define the scope of work (e.g. refurbishment work) or where the construction works have to start immediately (e.g. emergency work after fire damaged). Main Option F: Contract type Management Contract Pricing Mechanism Cost re-imbursement Risk Allocation Client Suitability suitable for contract where both the client and contractor have experience in construction work that has to start immediately. Ø NEC 3 Engineering and Construction Subcontract (ECS) The NEC 3 ECS contract is similar to ECC but used to appoint a subcontractor after the main contractor has been appointed through the ECC. Ø NEC 3 Engineering and Construction Short Contract (ECSC) The NEC 3 ECSC contract is used for small and medium sized simple and well-defined projects that worth up to  £500,000 (2008 price), where the sophisticated systems of the ECC are nor appropriate. It does not have main options, but can be a lump sum or re-measurement contract. Ø NEC 3 Engineering and Construction Short Subcontract (ECSS) The NEC 3 ECSS contract is similar to the NEC 3 ECSC contract, but used to appoint subcontractors after the main contractor has been appointed under NEC 3 ECSC. Ø NEC 3 Tern Service Contract (TSC) The NEC 3 TSC is similar to the ECC and is used for projects where regular work is required from a contractor over a period of time such as the appointment of suppliers to manage and provide a service. A plan or scheduled of work to be carried out is agreed upon by the client and contractor, and then payment is made using any of the options A, C or E. Ø NEC 3 Framework Contract (FC) The NEC 3 FC is a simple contract which is meant to be used in conjunction with other NEC 3 forms that will provide the contracts for call off contracts. It is used to appoint suppliers to carry out construction work or to provide design or advisory services on an ‘as-instructed basis. According to Keown (2010), the JCT framework contract is probably a better choice now. In my opinion, NEC 3 ECC with option E form of Contract is the best for the rebuilding of the confectionery factory base on the reasons given in the concluding part†. 3.3 Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE) Forms of Contract The ICE standard form of contract first edition was established in 1945 for mainly civil engineering and sometimes on building work that involved a large amount of earthwork. It is considered to be a traditional contract that requires a well-developed designed before the construction work can commence and contract administration under this form of contract is similar to that of the JCT. Experienced practitioners sometimes claimed that the ICE form of contract is complicated and not easy to understand, and are also frequently criticised for polarising construction team and encouraging claim just like the JCT form. According to Keown (2010), ICE contracts have different version, which include: Measurement Version Contract: it could be re-measurement or lump sum contract suitable for large civil engineering work that worth  £300,000 (2008 rough prices). Minor Work Contract: it is a shortened form of the measured version suitable for simple works with 6 months duration and up to  £300,000 worth (2008 rough prices). Design and Construct Contract: it is similar to the measurement version, but the employer provides the initial design (Employers Requirement), which would be completed by the contractor (Contractors Submission) and then carries out the construction work. Term Version Contract: it is used where there is variety of construction works or works at different locations to be executed over a period of time. It also accommodates emergency call out type work. Archaeological Investigation Contract: it is a simple contract for archaeological investigation. Ground Investigation Contract: it is similar to measured version and suitable where the employer intends to develop a site and required specialist contractor to perform substantial on-site investigation. Target Cost Contract: it is essential for a cost re-imbursement contract. However, a target cost mechanism option is provided to give the contractor incentives to control cost. In my opinion, the ICE form of contract is not the best option for the confectionery factory because†: It is mainly suitable for civil engineering works and building work that involves substantial earthwork, thus, may not be adequate for other engineering works like plant installation that is required. It requires a well-developed design before construction work could start, thus, unsuitable for this confectionery factory rebuilding situation which the work has to start immediately. It tends to polarise the construction team and encourages claim, which may be a threat to the progress of the work. 3.4 Association of Consultant Architects (ACA) Forms of Contract The ACA forms of contract is a non traditional collaborative contracts introduced in 1982. It is the only multi party standard form construction contract in the UK, where parties including the client, key consultants, main contractor and specialist subcontractors sign up the same contract i.e. all the parties are in a contract with each other, owe each other a duty of care and can sue each other for breach of contract and duty of care (Keown 2010). There is no suggested limit on cost or type of contract which this form is best suitable for because of its flexible accommodation of alternative clauses (Clamp, Cox and Lupton 2007). The ACA has different forms, which are: Project Partnering Contract (PPC 2000): it is a sophisticated and complicated partnering contract, which requires great care in setting up and running, particularly when preparing the project partnering Agreement. Specialist Partner Contract (SPC 2000): it embraces the PPC 2000 procedures and philosophy, but focuses on sub-contracting and relationship between main contractor, main sub-contractors and specialist. Term Partnering Contract (TPC 2005): it is suitable for works and services that extend over a period of time or where there is periodic/planned maintenance and can also accommodate to call out work. Extend the multi-party contract philosophy to Project Partnering Contract (PPC). In my opinion, the ACA forms of contract are unsuitable for the rebuilding of the confectionery factory because it does not give options for which someone can choose from†. Conclusion In my opinion, NEC 3 ECC form of contract with Main Option E and probably Secondary Options 5, 6, 7, 12 and 14 would be the best form of the contract options for the rebuilding of the confectionery factory because: It is suitable for engineering and/or construction work, which includes civil engineering, building, mechanical and electrical plant/installations work, process engineering and all allied industries that are adequate for the rebuilding of confectionery factory. It does not require well- developed design before the construction works to commence i.e. it encourages a parallel operation between the design and construction activities, thus, suitable for work that would commence immediately as applied to the confectionery factory. It embodies an efficient management process and stimulates good management of the relationship among all the parties involved, thus, avoid polarisation of parties involved. Its collaborative working across the entire chain optimises the project success. It uses clear and simple language, which is straightforward and easily understood. The NEC 3 ECC forms of contract with option E: cost reimbursement contract among other options of NEC 3 ECC would be considered for the rebuilding of the confectionery factory pursuant to the information given from the project proposal that it has been agreed that a single contractor would be employed to carry out the construction work and time cannot be spared for a well-developed design, since the construction work has to start immediately. 4.1 Confectionery Factory Rebuilding Project Parties and Organogram For the rebuilding of the confectionery factory, the identified parties that are likely to be involved in this project are: Client/Employer Project Manger Architect Structural Engineer Civil Engineer Mechanical Engineer Electrical Engineer Technology Specialist Quantity Surveyor Quality Assurance Officer Cost Manager CDM Regulator Facilities Manager Planning supervisors Lawyer Main Contractor Building works Subcontractor Mechanical Electrical Services Subcontractor Plant Installation Specialist Subcontractor Suppliers A detail organogram that shows these parties and their contractual relationship is attached below. 4.2 Contractual Relationships and Agreement For the NEC 3 ECC, option E: cost reimbursement contract chosen for this project, with a project manager leading and plan for a single contractor to execute the project, the contractual relationship will exist between: Client/Employer and Project Manager

The novel, Silas Marner by George Eliot :: English Literature

The novel, Silas Marner by George Eliot Silas Marner The novel, Silas Marner by George Eliot is a prime example of a tale which enlists the use of the literary archetype of the quest. Silas Marner is a lonely man who lives in the town of Raveloe with nothing but his hard-earned gold to console him. His call comes unexpectedly when a man by the name of Dunstan Cass steals the money. This marks the point where Marner sets out on his quest to find the gold. The protagonist’s other in the novel is in the form of Dunstan’s older brother, Godfrey Cass. While Silas and Godfrey are complete opposites on many levels, they are ultimately the same person. Godfrey is a man still in his youth, who has been blessed with a luxurious lifestyle, whereas Silas is portrayed as a miserly old man. Differences in social class aside, both Silas and Godfrey are lonely; a product of their own actions. Godfrey is lonely because he chooses not to tell Nancy of his secret marriage, and Silas is alone because he chooses not to associate with the townsfolk. That is, until he is called upon to do so with the theft of his gold. Silas is aided by his adopted daughter Eppie, who acts as the helper, or guide. Silas’s journey is both physical and psychological. At first, Silas sets out to discover who it is that has stolen his money, and means to get it back, and has no intention of punishing the thief. It is evident that this is not the quest the author has in mind for him. Through the journey of raising Eppie, George Eliot has Marner discover true happiness, even though it is not what he set out for in the first place. Even though, through the events that transpire, Marner is able to get back his stolen money, in the end, he is able to obtain a treasure far greater than the gold he anticipated, that is, happiness with another person. At the conclusion of the novel, Silas Marner is a man who has transformed from a cold-hearted and lonely person, to one who has found love and acceptance in another. One of the major themes George Eliot employs is that of the individual versus society. Throughout the novel, Silas is contrasted to the community in which he is situated. In Lantern Yard, Silas is excommunicated because the rest of his church does not believe in his innocence, and in Raveloe, Silas is seen as a crazy witch doctor of sorts. Most people feel it is safe to stay away from him, and Silas

Design Argument for the existence of God Essay

The Design Argument can be split into two sides: design qua purpose and design qua regularity. The key idea of design qua purpose comes from William Paley. He used analogy as the basis for his argument, noting how the complex design of a watch allows all the parts to work together perfectly to achieve its purpose. He then noted the complexity, order and purpose of the universe, stating that â€Å"every manifestation on design, which existed in the watch, exists in the works of nature.† Therefore if a watch’s intricacy stands as evidence that it has been designed, by analogy the universe must also have a designer and, as the designer is required to be supremely powerful, the designer must be God. Aquinas also presented an argument to support design qua purpose. Similarly to Paley, he argued that all natural occurrences show evidence of design. He claimed that this suggested there is a being which directs all things, and as humans have knowledge this being must also be knowledgeable. Therefore there is an intelligent being that directs everything towards its purpose, and Aquinas stated that this being must be God. Unlike Paley, Aquinas explained that God is a designer at work who continues to direct us towards our purpose as well as regulating the universe (e.g. the planets and the seasons). He also attempted to explain how free-will plays a part in design, claiming that we are programmed to reproduce but free-will allows us to choose who we reproduce with. Through these points he also demonstrated a key aspect of the design qua regularity side of the Teleological Argument. Another aspect of the argument is the anthropic principle, which was first introduced by F.R. Tennant. The significant difference of this principle to Paley and Aquinas’ ideas is that it doesn’t reject the scientific principles for existence, as Tennant said that the conditions for the development of human life were intrinsic to the Big Bang. The strong principle says that the reason and purpose of the universe is to support human life, supported by the way the conditions on earth are perfect in order for us to survive.  For example, the atmosphere is 21% Oxygen which is near enough the exact amount that humans need. Consequently a greater being created the universe to support us, and the only being powerful enough to do so is God. On the other hand, the weak anthropic principle doesn’t accept that life was inevitable from the beginning and instead suggests that it just happened to have occurred. Richard Swinburne developed this by suggesting that the creation of the universe came down to probabilities rather than chance. He recognised that the universe could have easily been chaotic, but the fact that it isn’t suggests some element of design. Tennant described this as the world being â€Å"compatible with a single throw of a dice†, and said that â€Å"common sense is not foolish in suspecting the dice is loaded.† This explains how Swinburne and Tennant believed that it took an incredibly small singularity to create the cosmic explosion which created the universe, but the order and purpose is so beyond chance that there must have been a greater being behind it. This therefore shows how the anthropic principle is used to prove the existence of God. This principle has been supported by many other philosophers, including Fred Hoyle and Anthony Flew. Comment on the claim that this argument totally fails to prove the existence of God Charles Darwin used the idea of ‘Natural Selection’ to challenge the Design Argument. This is a theory that claims that the strongest and most adapted species survive and therefore species develop and evolve naturally through time. Darwin argued that the illusion of design is actually a result of natural and random process caused by Natural Selection, and not by God as the designer. Steve Jones described this process as â€Å"a series of successful mistakes†, which again doubts the involvement of God in the design of species. Nevertheless, Christians could object to this disproving that the Design Argument proves the existence of God as the anthropic principle suggests that Natural Selection and Evolution are caused by God, as they are too unlikely to have occurred by chance. As a result, one would argue that Darwin’s theory doesn’t hold up under its counter argument because Natural Selection can still occur with God being the designer of the universe. Freud also questions the Design Argument’s success at proving the existence of God in his book ‘The Future of an Illusion’. In it, he describes religious faith as an illusion based on wishful thinking, arguing that religion exists because people fear living in a chaotic and unordered world. Therefore we project order on to the universe out of fear and so our minds are predisposed to see order. Freud uses this idea to dispute that the order and regularity of the universe is a result of design, thus questioning the existence of God overall. One would say that Freud’s argument supports the claim that the Design Argument fails to prove God’s existence as it suggests that the universe is in fact not ordered perfectly as we perceive, and so God’s work as a designer is an illusion arisen from fear of chaos. Additionally, the Epicurean Hypothesis disputes that the designer of the universe could be the God of classic theism by exploring the idea of evil and suffering. Epicuris says that if God is willing to prevent evil but isn’t able to then he can’t be omnipotent, and if he’s able but not willing then he can’t be benevolent. From this argument, he concluded that either God isn’t the God of classic theism or God isn’t the designer of the universe at all. On the other hand, Christians could counter this by arguing that evil and suffering is a test from God as an opportunity to prove our faith to him. Therefore based on this, evil and suffering doesn’t disprove that God is the ultimate designer. However, the argument still stands as if God was omniscient he wouldn’t need to test people as he would know whether or not they were faithful. Also permitting evil and suffering would still make him malevolent. Consequently  one would say that the Epicurean Hypothesis still supports that the Design Argument fails to prove the existence of God. Overall, despite the Design Argument’s in depth ideas such as the anthropic principle and design qua purpose and regularity, there are stronger scholarly arguments to support the claim that the Design Argument fails to prove the existence of God. Although the use of Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection can be cancelled out by its counter, Freud’s idea of illusion both successfully argues that the apparent design is created out of fear of chaos and not the result of a supremely powerful source, and the Epicurean Hypothesis argues that the God of classic theism can’t exist under the premise of evil and suffering. Therefore these ideas effectively support that the Design Argument doesn’t prove that God exists.